**Description** A *physical system* can be broadly interpreted as any real-world problem: natural or man-made, discrete or continuous and can be deterministic, chaotic, or random in behaviour. The context of the system could be physical, chemical, biological, social, economic or any other setting that provides observed data or phenomena that we would like to quantify ([[@witelskiMethodsMathematicalModelling2015|1]]). See system in [[SQM Classification of Mathematical Models]].